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hernia

A hernia is a lump which occurs from a weakness in the wall of the tummy (abdomen). Most hernias need treating by performing an operation. There are now various different types of operation which can be performed to repair hernias. They are usually very successful. What is a hernia? A hernia (or 'rupture') occurs where there is a weakness in the wall of the tummy (abdomen). As a result, some of the contents within the abdomen can then push through (bulge) under the skin. Normally, the front of the abdomen has several layers comprising skin, then fat, then muscles, which all keep the guts (intestines) and internal tissues in place. If, for any reason, there is a weak point in the muscles, then part of the intestines can push through. You can then feel a soft lump or swelling under the skin. What are the types of hernia? Different types of hernia can occur. The most common types are listed here: Related articles q Scrotal Lumps/Pain/Swelling See more articles »...
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Diabetes melitus understanding

DIABETES MELLITUS              diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterised by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insuline secretion,insuline action or both.diabetes is classified in 2 groups (1)type 1 diabetes caused by beta cells destruction usually leading to absolute insuline deficiency it may be due to immune mediated damage or idiopathic damage.(2) type 2 diabetes may be due to predominantly from insuline resistance with relative insuline deficiency to predominantly secretion defect with insuline resistance.                      Pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (1)type 1diabetes mellitus :by the time type 1 diabetes appears,most of the beta cells in pancrease have been destroyed. A tentative overview of pathologic sequence is like (1)genetic susceptibility to the disease must be present in type 1 diabetes.the major histocompatibility complex (.MHC)is important ...
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PARKINSON'S DISEASE

PARKINSON\'S illness  paralysis agitans is syndrome defined by hypokinesia,tremor and rigidity. WHAT IS pathologic process OF Parkinson\'s ?            the hallmark of Parkinson\'s is degeneration of animal pigment - containing dopaminergic neurones of considerable Black person and typical neural inclusion referred to as lewy bodies.the Intropin in basal gaglia participates in an exceedingly advanced circuite  of each excitative and repressive pathways.these pathways square measure a part of the loop that connect the cortex to the neural structure via the basal ganglia and back to the cortical region .this loop serves to modulate the motor system. WHAT square measure CAUSES FOR Parkinson\'s DEVELOPMENT?                   INJURY - Parkinson\'s may be a common presentation of various reasonably injuries to the substantial Black person.           ...
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MIGRAINE

MIGRAINE            RECURRENT ,EPISODIC ATTACKS OF HEADACHE,VARIED IN INTENSITY,FREQUENCY AND length,COMMONLY UNILATERAL IN ONSET AND related to eating disorder someday WITH NAUSEA AND vomit,COSPICUOUS SENSORY,MOTOR AND MOOD DISTURBENCES. ETIOLOGY 1.AGE -onset could also be in childhood ,typical seem in adolescent and continues at till sixth decade. 2.SEX -More common in girls 3.HEREDITORY INFLUENCES -The transmitted issue being abnormal response of bone and different vasculature to bound external or endogenous stimuli. 4.PREDISPOSING FACTORS -Prolong fast -prolong exposure to sun light-weight -some food like chees ,chocolates,citrus fruite ,coffee. -mild associated head injury like heading soccer. -chnges in degree of stress. MECHANISMS -famillial tendency towards increased vascular  contract ability in megrim patient manufacture sequence of constriction band dilatation....
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ACROMEGALY

ACROMEGALY              acromegalia could be a clinical condition ensuing from prolonged excessive current levels of internal secretion in adult.  unshapely gigantism results from acromegalia in young individual before long bone fusion. Acromegalic gigantism ETIOLOGY 1.pituitory benign tumor -95% 2.Excessive secretion of secretion|somatotropin|somatotrophin|somatotropic hormone|somatotrophic hormone|STH|human growth hormone|hormone|endocrine|internal secretion} realising hormone (GHRH) from tumour tumors,pancreatic isle cell or adrenal tumors 3.Ectopic GH-secreting exocrine gland isle cell tumors. 4.as a part of multiple endocrine pathologic process kind one. CLINICAL options 1.DUE TO native area -OCCUPYING impact OF benign tumor (a)INSIDE PITUITORY FOSS- bitemporal loss of vision owing to compression of visual pathway. (b)OUTSIDE PITUITORY FOSSA @ DIPLOPIA @PAPILLOOEDEMA owing to upwar...
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DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS

DEEP phlebothrombosis It is obstruction of peripheral veins by clot by primary ,simple and non inflammatory method. PREDISPOSING FACTORS  1.PATIENT FACTORS -Elderly -prolonged bed rest -obesity -oral contraceptive -pregnancy particularly period of time 2.MEDICAL CONDITIONS -myocardial pathology -congestive coronary failure -malignancy second sight. exocrine gland and respiratory organ -inflammatory viscus illness -nephritic syndrome  3.SURGERY -hip fracture -abdominal or girdle surgery 4.BLOOD DISORDER -polycythemia vera -thrombocythemia -mylofibrosis 5.DEFICIENCY OF medicinal drug like -antithrobin three -protien c and s -factor a pair of or v city -antiphospholipid protein CLINICAL options - Pain typically within the calf ,sometime additionally in ankrle and joint.feeling of tightness rather than pain - deep calf tenderness. pain in calf on force flexure of the foot (Homan\'s sign).tenderness in limb triangle....
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HERPES ZOSTER

HERPES herpes                   A unilateral ,inflammatory, sac eruption caused by a latent herpes chickenpox virus from at intervals sensory neural structure that attacks the posterior root neural structure and produces the eruption secondarily on a dermatomal distribution. PREDISPOSING FACTORS - trauma -tumours of twine -immunocompromised  states -immunosuppressant medicine -lymphomas and carcinomas CLINICAL options PRE-ERUPTIVE STAGE -pain with hyperasthesia on the course of the nerve -fever .ERUPTIVE STAGE -may be 1st manifestation of unwellness in some cases. -there square measure many oedematous patches on the course of a nerve with intervening clear space,these square measure terribly tender and painful. -a few hours later ,they are head with tiny vesicles in cluster . -the vesicles happens in crops. -the content might become septic. -the vesicles crust over,and in ...
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