health topics & talks

DIABETES MELLITUS              diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterised by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insuline secretion,insuline action or both.diabetes is classified in 2 groups (1)type 1 diabetes caused by beta cells destruction usually leading to absolute insuline deficiency it may be due to immune mediated damage or idiopathic damage.(2) type 2 diabetes may be due to predominantly from insuline resistance with relative insuline deficiency to predominantly secretion defect with insuline resistance.                      Pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (1)type 1diabetes mellitus :by the time type 1 diabetes appears,most of the beta cells in pancrease have been destroyed. A tentative overview of pathologic sequence is like (1)genetic susceptibility to the disease must be present in type 1 diabetes.the major histocompatibility complex (.MHC)is important ...

PARKINSON\'S illness  paralysis agitans is syndrome defined by hypokinesia,tremor and rigidity. WHAT IS pathologic process OF Parkinson\'s ?            the hallmark of Parkinson\'s is degeneration of animal pigment - containing dopaminergic neurones of considerable Black person and typical neural inclusion referred to as lewy bodies.the Intropin in basal gaglia participates in an exceedingly advanced circuite  of each excitative and repressive pathways.these pathways square measure a part of the loop that connect the cortex to the neural structure via the basal ganglia and back to the cortical region .this loop serves to modulate the motor system. WHAT square measure CAUSES FOR Parkinson\'s DEVELOPMENT?                   INJURY - Parkinson\'s may be a common presentation of various reasonably injuries to the substantial Black person.           ...

MIGRAINE            RECURRENT ,EPISODIC ATTACKS OF HEADACHE,VARIED IN INTENSITY,FREQUENCY AND length,COMMONLY UNILATERAL IN ONSET AND related to eating disorder someday WITH NAUSEA AND vomit,COSPICUOUS SENSORY,MOTOR AND MOOD DISTURBENCES. ETIOLOGY 1.AGE -onset could also be in childhood ,typical seem in adolescent and continues at till sixth decade. 2.SEX -More common in girls 3.HEREDITORY INFLUENCES -The transmitted issue being abnormal response of bone and different vasculature to bound external or endogenous stimuli. 4.PREDISPOSING FACTORS -Prolong fast -prolong exposure to sun light-weight -some food like chees ,chocolates,citrus fruite ,coffee. -mild associated head injury like heading soccer. -chnges in degree of stress. MECHANISMS -famillial tendency towards increased vascular  contract ability in megrim patient manufacture sequence of constriction band dilatation....

ACROMEGALY              acromegalia could be a clinical condition ensuing from prolonged excessive current levels of internal secretion in adult.  unshapely gigantism results from acromegalia in young individual before long bone fusion. Acromegalic gigantism ETIOLOGY 1.pituitory benign tumor -95% 2.Excessive secretion of secretion|somatotropin|somatotrophin|somatotropic hormone|somatotrophic hormone|STH|human growth hormone|hormone|endocrine|internal secretion} realising hormone (GHRH) from tumour tumors,pancreatic isle cell or adrenal tumors 3.Ectopic GH-secreting exocrine gland isle cell tumors. 4.as a part of multiple endocrine pathologic process kind one. CLINICAL options 1.DUE TO native area -OCCUPYING impact OF benign tumor (a)INSIDE PITUITORY FOSS- bitemporal loss of vision owing to compression of visual pathway. (b)OUTSIDE PITUITORY FOSSA @ DIPLOPIA @PAPILLOOEDEMA owing to upwar...

DEEP phlebothrombosis It is obstruction of peripheral veins by clot by primary ,simple and non inflammatory method. PREDISPOSING FACTORS  1.PATIENT FACTORS -Elderly -prolonged bed rest -obesity -oral contraceptive -pregnancy particularly period of time 2.MEDICAL CONDITIONS -myocardial pathology -congestive coronary failure -malignancy second sight. exocrine gland and respiratory organ -inflammatory viscus illness -nephritic syndrome  3.SURGERY -hip fracture -abdominal or girdle surgery 4.BLOOD DISORDER -polycythemia vera -thrombocythemia -mylofibrosis 5.DEFICIENCY OF medicinal drug like -antithrobin three -protien c and s -factor a pair of or v city -antiphospholipid protein CLINICAL options - Pain typically within the calf ,sometime additionally in ankrle and joint.feeling of tightness rather than pain - deep calf tenderness. pain in calf on force flexure of the foot (Homan\'s sign).tenderness in limb triangle....

HERPES herpes                   A unilateral ,inflammatory, sac eruption caused by a latent herpes chickenpox virus from at intervals sensory neural structure that attacks the posterior root neural structure and produces the eruption secondarily on a dermatomal distribution. PREDISPOSING FACTORS - trauma -tumours of twine -immunocompromised  states -immunosuppressant medicine -lymphomas and carcinomas CLINICAL options PRE-ERUPTIVE STAGE -pain with hyperasthesia on the course of the nerve -fever .ERUPTIVE STAGE -may be 1st manifestation of unwellness in some cases. -there square measure many oedematous patches on the course of a nerve with intervening clear space,these square measure terribly tender and painful. -a few hours later ,they are head with tiny vesicles in cluster . -the vesicles happens in crops. -the content might become septic. -the vesicles crust over,and in ...

TETANUS               tetanus is caused by a strong neurotoxin(tetanospasmin) made by strains of true bacteria tetani once introduced into the tissue that blocks repressive synapses on motor neurones in system, leading to unrestrained reflex spasm.               The poison travels up native motor axons from the location of infection,causing native tetanus ,and spreads through the blood stream to succeed in several axons and thus the system. bone nerves area unit typically affected as a result of lock -how.  PREDISPOSING FACTORS wounds possibly to endanger tetanus area unit  -those that treatment is delayed over concerning half-dozen hours -those that is deep or contaminated with soil,metal,wood,calcium salt or bacterium - those sophisticated by tube harm inflicting gangrene of muscles. PORTAL OF ENTERY 1.puncture or war wound 2.otitis media 3.injection particularly shot ...

MUMPS  it\'s microorganism unwellness caused by virus paramyxoma that largely affects youngsters below fifteen yrs.it spreads from human reservoir by direct contact, mobile droplets or fomites contaminated by infected spit.upper tract is portal of entry for virus than it unfold through blood stream and has tendency to multiply in organ structures like secretion glands. CLINICAL options  Incubation period sixteen to twenty one days parotid gland swellin pain or tenderness on pressure below angle of lower jawbone usually one secreter affected followed by alternative when a variable interval or just one secreter affected throughout or concurrent enlargement of each. parotid swelling reaches its most at concerning three days ,remains at its peak for concerning two days then slowly recedsthe lobe of ear is in center of the swelling that is tender on pressure. .FEVER may rise to forty c when look of redness remittent or intermittentfever fall by lysis in three ...

MEASLES measles is infective agent illness caused by ribonucleic acid myxovirus that is extremely contagious and unfold by direct contact or driblet infection.patient stricken by rubeola shed virus from their tract throughout the symptom amount and for twenty-four to forty eight hours once the rash seems.CLINICAL options PRODROMAL STAGE fever abrupt rise of temperature to concerning forty inflammation,conjunctivitis,photophobia and hacking cough.KOPLIK\'S SPOTS Koplik\'s spot Appear on ordinal day as minute pin purpose dark-blue white specks with slightly redish dappled areola around them ,on buccal tissue layer sometimes opposite lower molars.they seems like grains of saltHoarseness and cartilaginous structure stridorVomiting and diarrhoeafleeting roseola like rashes EXANTHEMATOUS STAGE RASH on five th  dayrash is red macules seem initial behind ear,along hair line and on posterior elements of cheeksthan unfold chop-chop in few hours everywhere the body.MUCOUS M...

influenza viruses ar tiny polymer containing envoloped viruses.they are 3 types-A,B andC. respiratory illness A viruses ar any classified consistent with the properties of their surface protien ,hemagglutinin(HA) and neuraminidase(NA) found on the surface  of respiratory illness viruses.there ar sixteen far-famed hour angle and nine far-famed metal subtypes which might mix to make novel combination of respiratory illness.Typical seasonal respiratory illness viruses exhibit frequent chromosomal mutation that cause gradual shifts in their genomes.this method is understood as matter drift,and it\'s a reason that new respiratory illness immunogen should be ready every year.Poultry ar the natural reservoirs of type A viruses.influenza B viruses ar solely found in humen and caused epidemics within the past however ne\'er pandemics.influenza C viruses  causes solely delicate ill health in adults. CLINICAL options INCUBATION amount -1 to three days ONSET  -onset is su...

KIDNEY STONE Stone in tract occur once urinary chemistry ends up in concentrations of stone salts that exceeds the limit of stability for that salt in resolution. This most frequently reflects excessive excretion of 1 or additional stone constituents,deficient restrictive activity in piddle,or simply a coffee volume piddle leading to too targeted piddle. TYPES OF urinary organ STONE 1.CALCIUM salt STONE    -More than seventieth CALCIUM PHOSPHATE STONE acid STONE amino acid STONE MAGNESIUM ammonia PHOSPHATE STONE OR TRIPLE PHOSPHATE STONE BOTH amino acid AND STRUVITE STONE alternative RARE sorts ar organic compound,2,8-DIHYDROXY-ADENINE ,GYPSUM,AND salt PREDISPOSING FACTORS FOR urinary organ STONE symptom -most common risk issue for formation. Of Ca salt stone -it is upset hupercaciuria -it is advanced condition that reflects excessive viscus absorption of  dietory Ca ,excessive reabsorption of bone  and urinary organ Ca leak. HYPER...

URINARY TRACT INFECTION uti is that the presence of microorganism within the tract,the presence of a minimum of (10)5 colony forming units per cc of freshly passed excrement is considered proof of possible uti. ETIOLOGY OF UTI Bacteria most typically enter the channel however it will enter via blood stream. ascending infections account for many cases of uncomplicated urinary tract infection and urinary tract infection. usually concerned organisms ar E.coli,staph. Saprophyticus,Proteus genus Mirabilis,klebsiella pneumoniae CLINICAL options OF UTI BURNING MICTURATION FREQUENT evacuation PAIN IN SUB region OR LOIN REGION FEVER OR CHILL uncomfortableness AND WEAKNESS SMOKEY RED excrement(HEMATURIA) PUS OR RBS IN URINE NAUSEA AND instinctive reflex beforehand STAGE MANAGEMENT Advice to drink a lot of fluid and water rest alkelizer like renalka antibiotics Like Tab spectrum D\'s one bachelor\'s degree or. Tab ciprofloxacine five hundred bachelor\'s deg...

ACUTE Bright\'s disease It is most typical in kids,characterised pathologically by diffuse inflammatory changes within the glomeruli and clinically by typically abrupt onset of macroscopic  haematuria, protienuria, oedema, high blood pressure and impaired excretory organ operate with or while not oliguria. CLINICAL options OEDEMA could {also be|is also} come back on suddenly or bit by bit swelling of face and whitish wanness represent \"nephritic faces\"swelling of face typically in morning generalised hydrops could happens edema is also absent in gentle cases and also in terribly severe cases HYPERTENSION hypertension happens in majority of cases,the blood pressure being ninety to one hundred twenty metric linear unit . in five to ten take advantage of patients hypertensive neurological disorder develops. high blood pressure could create to pulmonic edema. JVP is often elevated and with peripheral edema presents an image of CHF excretory organ reten...

TOP six immunizing agent  PREVENTIVE DISEASES IN kids TETANUS The tetanus antigen immunizing agent is one in every of the foremost effective and most cost-effective vaccines offered. The WHO, however, calculable regarding one hundred thirty,000 paediatric deaths in 2004, down from regarding 800,000 in 1980. this can be a illness of financial condition and lack of access to basic treatment. The spores of the contributory bacteria clostridia ar omnipresent within the soil worldwide and enter through breaks within the skin. Most paediatric deaths occur once the navel gets infected at birth. respiratory illness In distinction to the just about 100 percent effectualness of the tetanus immunizing agent, most clinical trials counsel that the respiratory illness vaccines (including the full cell vaccines still offered overseas) shield solely regarding eighty fifth of recipients. or so ninetieth of the 204,000 WHO-estimated deaths from respiratory illness in 2004 occurred in devel...